Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences Essays

Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences Essays Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences Essay Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences Essay The periodontium is defined as the tissues puting and back uping the dentition ( Hassell, 1993 ) . It is composed of the undermentioned tissues: alveolar bone, root cementum, periodontic ligament and gum ( Lindhe et al. , 2008, Hassell, 1993 ) . The chief map of the periodontium is to attach the tooth to the bone of the jaws for equal map and to keep the unity of the surface of the masticatory mucous membrane of the unwritten pit ( Lindhe et al. , 2008 ) . It undergoes alterations with age, and is subjected to morphologic alterations in relation to functional changes and changes in the unwritten environment ( Lindhe et al. , 2008 ) . The healthy gum usually covers the alveolar bone and root to a degree merely coronal to the cementoenamel junction ( Fig. 1 ) . The gum is classified into the free fringy gum, the interdental gum and the affiliated gum ( 187 ) . Gingivas are portion of the soft tissue liner of the oral cavity. They surround the dentitions and supply a seal around them. Compared with the soft tissue liners of the lips and cheeks, most of the gum are tightly bound to the underlying bone and are designed to defy the clash of nutrient passing over them ( Lindhe 2008 ; Narayanan 1996 ) . Healthy gum is normally coral pink, but may incorporate physiologic pigmentation. Changes in colour, peculiarly increased inflammation, together with hydrops and an increased inclination to shed blood, propose an redness that is perchance due to the accretion of bacterial plaque ( Capa N, 2007 ) . The gum is divided anatomically into fringy, affiliated and interdental countries. The fringy gum is the terminal border of gum environing the dentition. In about half of persons, it is demarcated from the adjacent, attached gum by a shallow additive depression, the free gingival channel ( Capa N, 2007 ) The fringy gum is supported and stabilized by the gingival fibres. The affiliated gum is uninterrupted with the fringy gum. It is steadfast, resilient, and tightly bound to the underlying periosteum of alveolar bone. The facial facet of the affiliated gum extends to the comparatively loose and movable alveolar mucous membrane, from which it is demarcated by the mucogingival junction. Attached gum may show with surface stippling ( Schroeder HE, 1997 ) The interdental gum occupies the gingival port, which is the interproximal infinite beneath the country of tooth contact. The interdental gum can be pyramidic or have a gap shape.Attached gum is immune to masticatory forces and ever keratinised ( Stephen Burke Dent IV, 1994 ) . Healthy gum normally has a colour that has been described as coral pink. Other colorss like ruddy, white, and blue can mean redness ( gingivitis ) or pathology. It has a smooth arcuate or scalloped visual aspect around each tooth. It besides fills and fits each interdental infinite, unlike the swollen gum papilla seen in gingivitis or the empty interdental port seen in periodontic disease. Healthy gum clasp tight to each tooth in that the gingival surface narrows to knife-edge thin at the free gingival border. On the other manus, inflamed gums have a puffy or rolled border. It has a steadfast texture that is immune to motion, and the surface texture frequently exhibits surface stippling. Unhealthy gum, on the other manus, is frequently conceited and mushy ( Seyedmajidi M, 2009 ) . The gingival fibres are the connective tissue fibres that inhabit the gingival tissue adjacent to the dentition and aid keep the tissue steadfastly against the dentition ( Itoiz, ME, 2002 ) . They are chiefly composed to type I collagen, although type III fibres are besides involved These fibres, unlike the fibres of the periodontic ligament, in general, attach the tooth to the gingival tissue, instead than the tooth to the alveolar bone ( Schroeder HE, 1997 ) . The gingival fibres hold the fringy gum against the tooth, supply the fringy gum with adequate rigidness to defy the forces of chew without falsifying, function to stabilise the fringy gum by unifying it with both the tissue of the more stiff affiliated gum every bit good as the cementum bed of the tooth ( Itoiz, ME, 2002 ) . There are three groups within which gingival fibres are arranged, they are dentogingival group, round group and transseptal group. The junctional epithelial tissue is that epithelial tissue which lies at the base of the gingival sulcus. It attaches to the surface of the tooth with hemidesmosomes ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . It lies instantly apical to the sulcular epithelial tissue, which lines the gingival sulcus from the base to the free gingival border, where it interfaces with the epithelial tissue of the unwritten cavity.Cells in the junctional epithelial tissue tend to hold broad inter-cellular infinites, to let the transmittal of white blood cells from blood vass to bottom of the gingival sulcus, to assist forestall disease. Damage to the junctional epithelial tissue consequences in it being irregular in texture, instead than smooth, and the formation of pocket epithelial tissue, which is a primary symptom of gingiva disease. The sulcular epithelial tissue is that epithelial tissue which lines the gingival sulcus. It is apically bounded by the junctional epithelial tissue and meets the epithelial tissue of the unwritten pit at the tallness of the free gingival border. The sulcular epithelial tissue is nonkeratinized ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . The periodontic ligament, normally abbreviated as the PDL is a group of specialised connective tissue fibres that basically attach a tooth to the alveolar bone within which it sits. These fibres help the tooth withstand the of course significant compressive forces which occur during mastication and remain embedded in the bone ( Sloan, P, 1978 ; Sloan, P, 1979 ) . Another map of the PDL is to function as a beginning of proprioception, or centripetal excitation, so that the encephalon can observe the forces being placed on the dentitions and react consequently. To accomplish this terminal, there are force per unit area sensitive receptors within the PDL which allow the encephalon to spot the sum of force being placed on a tooth during mastication, for illustration. This is of import because the open surface of the tooth, called enamel, has no such sensory receptors itself. In add-on to the PDL fibres, there is another set of fibres, known as the gingival fibres, which attach the dentitions to their next gingival tissue. Both the gingival fibres, every bit good as the PDL fibres, are composed chiefly of type I collagen ( Ten Cate, A. R, 1998 ) . The PDL is one of the four back uping tissues of a tooth, otherwise referred to as the periodontium. They are about 0.2 millimeters in breadth, and these dimensions lessening with age ( C. Kober, B, 2006 ) . As stated, the PDL fibres are composed chiefly of type I collagen, although type III fibres are besides involved. Compared to most other ligaments of the organic structure, these are extremely vascularized. The PDL fibres are categorized harmonizing to their orientation and location along the tooth, such as collagen fibres, gingival fibres, trans-septal fibres, alveolar crest fibres, horizontal fibres, oblique fibres, apical fibres, and interradicular fibres ( Quigley, M.B, 1970 ; Cohn, S.A, 1972 ; Cohn, S.A, 1972 ) . Cementum is a specialised calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root vertex. Its colour is xanthous and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized ( Jones SJ, 1972 ) . The chief function of cementen within the tooth is to function as a medium by which the periodontal ligaments can attach to the tooth for stableness. Hence, its bottom surface is tangent to the periodontic ligaments running through the jaw ( via collagen fibres ) , and the upper part of the surface is steadfastly cemented to the dentin of the tooth. It besides meets the enamel lower on the tooth at the cemento-enamel junction. Here the cementum is known as noncellular cementum due to its deficiency of cellular constituents, and screens about 1/3-1/2 of the root ( Groeneveld MC, 1994 ) . The more permeable signifier of cementen, cellular cementum, covers 1/3-1/2 of the root vertex, where it binds to the dentin. There is besides a 3rd type of cementum, afibrillar cementum, which sometimes extends onto the enamel of the tooth. The mucogingival junction is the intervention between the more apically located alveolar mucous membrane and the more coronally located affiliated gum of the air sac ( Schroeder HE, 1979 ) . There exists a mucogingival junction on all four gingival surfaces on which there exists freely impermeable alveolar mucous membrane: the facial gum of the upper jaw and both the facial and linguistic gum of the mandible. The palatine gum of the upper jaw is uninterrupted with the tissue of the roof of the mouth, which is bound down to the palatine castanetss. Because the roof of the mouth is barren of freely movable alveolar mucous membrane, there is no mucogingival junction ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . Mentions Hassell, TM. ( 1993 ) . Tissues and cells of the periodontium. Periodontol 2000 3, 9-38. Lindhe, J. , Karring, T. , and Araujo, M. ( 2008 ) . Anatomy of the periodontium. In Clinical periodontology and implant dental medicine, Lindhe, J. , Karring, T. , and Lang, N.P. 4th erectile dysfunction Blackwell Publishing Limited pp. 3- ? . Carranza s Clinical Periodontology, W.B. Saunders, 2002, 17-23. Itoiz, ME ; Carranza, FA: The Gingiva. In Newman, MG ; Takei, HH ; Carranza, FA ; editors: Carranza s Clinical Periodontology, 9th Edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2002. 26-7. Jan Lindhe, Niklaus P. Lang, and Thorkild Karring Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Wiley-Blackwell ; 5 edition, 2008.

Mixture Definition and Examples in Science

Mixture Definition and Examples in Science In chemistry, a mixture forms when  two or more substances are combined such that each substance retains its own chemical identity. Chemical bonds between the components are neither broken nor formed. Note that even though the chemical properties of the components havent changed, a mixture may exhibit new physical properties, like boiling point and melting point. For example, mixing together water and alcohol produces a mixture that has a higher boiling point and lower melting point than alcohol (lower boiling point and higher boiling point than water). Key Takeaways: Mixtures A mixture is defined as the result of combining two or more substances, such that each maintains its chemical identity. In other words, a chemical reaction does not occur between components of a mixture.Examples include combinations of salt and sand, sugar and water, and blood.Mixtures are classified based on how uniform they are and on the particle size of components relative to each other.Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition and phase throughout their volume, while heterogeneous mixtures do not appear uniform and may consist of different phases (e.g., liquid and gas).Examples of types of mixtures defined by particle size include colloids, solutions, and suspensions. Examples of Mixtures Flour and sugar may be combined to form a mixture.Sugar and water form a mixture.Marbles and salt may be combined to form a mixture.Smoke is a mixture of solid particles and gases. Types of Mixtures Two broad categories of mixtures are heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures. Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout the composition (e.g. gravel), while homogeneous mixtures have the same phase and composition, no matter where you sample them (e.g., air). The distinction between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures is a matter of magnification or scale. For example, even air can appear to be heterogeneous if your sample only contains a few molecules, while a bag of mixed vegetables may appear homogeneous if your sample is an entire truckload full of them. Also note, even if a sample consists of a single element, it may form a heterogeneous mixture. One example would be a mixture of pencil lead and diamonds (both carbon). Another example could be a mixture of gold powder and nuggets. Besides being classified as heterogeneous or homogeneous, mixtures may also be described according to the particle size of the components: Solution: A chemical solution contains very small particle sizes (less than 1 nanometer in diameter). A solution is physically stable and the components cannot be separated by decanting or centrifuging the sample. Examples of solutions include air (gas), dissolved oxygen in water (liquid), and mercury in gold amalgam (solid), opal (solid), and gelatin (solid). Colloid: A colloidal solution appears homogeneous to the naked eye, but particles are apparent under microscope magnification. Particle sizes range from 1 nanometer to 1 micrometer. Like solutions, colloids are physically stable. They exhibit the Tyndall effect. Colloid components cant be separated using decantation, but may be isolated by centrifugation. Examples of colloids include hair spray (gas), smoke (gas), whipped cream (liquid foam), blood (liquid),   Suspension: Particles in a suspension are often large enough that the mixture appears heterogeneous. Stabilizing agents are required to keep the particles from separating. Like colloids, suspensions exhibit the Tyndall effect. Suspensions may be separated using either decantation or centrifugation. Examples of suspensions include dust in air (solid in gas), vinaigrette (liquid in liquid), mud (solid in liquid), sand (solids blended together), and granite (blended solids). Examples That Are Not Mixtures Just because you mix two chemicals together, dont expect youll always get a mixture! If a chemical reaction occurs, the identity of a reactant changes. This is not a mixture. Combining vinegar and baking soda results in a reaction to produce carbon dioxide and water. So, you dont have a mixture. Combining an acid and a base also does not produce a mixture. Sources De Paula, Julio; Atkins, P. W.  Atkins Physical Chemistry  (7th ed.).Petrucci R. H., Harwood W. S., Herring F. G. (2002).  General Chemistry, 8th Ed. New York: Prentice-Hall.Weast R. C., Ed. (1990).  CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. Boca Raton: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company.Whitten K.W., Gailey K. D. and Davis R. E. (1992).  General chemistry, 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing.

Reasons for doing volunteer work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reasons for doing volunteer work - Essay Example Nupur (2008) stated that volunteers possess great energy, optimistic attitude and big hearts. Working with such people and witnessing less fortunate lives gives one the opportunity to improve one’s perception and attitude towards life. This opportunity makes one appreciate small things in life, rather than complaining over petty problems. According to i to i Volunteering (n.d.) stated that alongside changing one’s perception of life, individuals gain experience in different professions and management areas; for example, working for a shelter home may give one the experience of making meals for hundreds of people or managing a fund raising event may give the opportunity to improve management skills. Volunteer work may demand occasional travelling to foreign countries that gives one the chance of learning about the traditions and customs of another culture. Therefore, it can be stated that volunteer work has many personal, as well as communal reasons for attracting people towards

Discribe the structure and function to the relevant organ system as Essay

Discribe the structure and function to the relevant organ system as the day progresses - Essay Example In the morning, blood flow to the small intestine will be increased to transport the absorbed nutrients to the liver and then to the rest of the body. Excess glucose will be stored in the liver, muscle cells and adipose tissue. During the walk to work, the cardiovascular system will respond by increasing the heart rate to source oxygen and glucose to the muscle cells. If the nature of the work requires a lot of physical activities, the cardiovascular system will respond in the same way. However, the heart rate will reduce during rest periods (Daniels, 2012, p. 244). In the afternoon, the cardiovascular system will respond to the food intake by supplying more blood to the small intestine to facilitate absorption of nutrients. Excess amino acids will be broken down in the liver and the wastes transported to the kidney for excretion while the rest will be transported to the cells which require them. During the snack after lunch, more fluid will be absorbed in the colon and kidneys to replace fluids lost during the day. In the evening, the cardiovascular system will respond to the exercise training and walk by increasing blood flow to the muscle cells. Increased supply replenishes the lost water and electrolytes in the muscles, thus preventing rapid muscle fatigue. During supper, the blood supply will be concentrated on the digestive tract to facilitate absorption of nutrients from the small intestine and water from the colon. The digestive system also plays an important role during the day. Its main function is to break down complex food particles to simpler forms that can be easily absorbed in the body. In the morning, blood glucose levels are low due to the night spent without food intake. As a result, the stomach will send signals to the brain to stimulate hunger. After the food has been ingested, digestion will take place, and the body will absorb the glucose from the breakfast meal to be used as a source of energy for

Nirma Case Study Essay Example for Free

Nirma Case Study Essay SUCCESS STORY Karsanbhai Khodidas Patel, the founder of Rs. 2500 crore (US$ 500 million) â€Å"NIRMA† group. Believed in value for money equation Sells 8,00,000 tonnes of detergent powder every year Market share of 35% Market Size : Market Size Closest threat to HUL with 35% market share. Nirma and Nima with 32 variants are distributed through more than 2 million retail outlets, generating gross sales in excess of Rs.2600 crore. The company has reported 4% drop in sales and 13% decline in net profit Margins Achievements : Achievements 7th largest consumer brand by ACNielsen 03. First brand to recognize and harness the power of the Indian rural market. First Indian brands to merit a Harvard Business Review case study Products : Products Consumer Soaps Detergents Edible salt Scouring product Nirma shikakai Nirma shampoo Nirma toothpaste Industrial LAB ( Linear Alkyl Benzene ) AOS ( Alfa Olefin Sulfonate ) Sulfuric Acid Glycerin Soda Ash Pure salt Vacuum Evaporated Iodized Salt SSP- Single Super Phosphate Sodium silicate Soaps : Soaps Nirma Bath Soap Nirma Premium soap Nirma Beauty Soap Nirma Lime Fresh Soap Nima Rose Nima Sandal Nima Lime Nima Herbal Nirma Herbalina Detergents : Detergents Nirma Washing Powder Nirma Detergent Cake Super Nirma Washing Powder Nirma Popular Detergent Nirma Popular Detergent Cake Nima Green Powder Promotion : Promotion Featured a lady washing a garment Daughter was featured on the pack Focuses on value-for-money One of the oldest and catchy jingle first aired on radio in 1975, was broadcast on television in 1982 Nirma Consumer Care Limited Brand value : Brand value Initially every pack of Nirma came with a money back guarantee. Believes in bonding with the consumer. The jingle has been used by Nirma for the last 25 years. Recent Developments : Recent Developments The company has relaunched Nirma Yellow Washing Powder and Nirma Beauty Soap, two of its strongest brands. Nirma Yellow Powder is being re-launched with improved formulation and new advertising. This is an extension of the original ad which will return after the launch is over. Nirma Beauty Soap is being re-launched with a new shape, fragrance and a smarter, brighter pack to improve shelf visibility Acquired Searles Valley Minerals Operations and Searles Valley Minerals

Witchcraft in the 15th century Essay examples -- essays research paper

In this paper, I will explore many aspects of the outbreaks of the witch accusations and witch trials which plagued England and the rest of Europe from approximately 1450 to 1750. Though numerous theories have been provided as to the reasons for these hunts and trials, there are three which are the most prevalent, and able to support themselves. These three theories are the topics of: gender, as a stepping stone towards the oppression of women; social class, as a relief of tension and stress formed by the socio-economic gaps between the wealthy and the poor; and finally religion, as a result of the encouragement to conform more steadily towards one religion. I chose to argue towards the third theory I have stated, that of the religious changes facing England at the time. Throughout the three hundred years that the perceived problems of witchcraft haunted this nation, the religious momentum swayed back and forth many times. My decision to support the religious theories attached to wit chcraft may not be as traditional as most student’s. It was a decision based more upon the motives and not so hidden agendas that the theorists who were (obviously) not present at the times of the trials. Historical fact has been in debate for as long as history has been recorded, because everything written or spoken is rhetoric, and this impossible to escape from. Therefore, in order to defend my decision to choose religion, I will be adopting a new historicist point of view for the first few paragraphs of this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To me, the other two major theories applied to the problems of witchcraft seem much to politicized to be considered as historical. As Sharpe states, addressing the gender issue first, â€Å"The crucial development here was the rise of the Women’s Movement in the United States and Europe†(9). He continues to say that these women â€Å"sought to construct a history of oppression which would help inform their consciousness in their ongoing struggle†(10). This theory absolutely reeks of ulterior motives. Though it cannot be denied that approximately eighty percent of the witches executed during these times were women, it seems odd that no scholars felt inclined to point this out as relevant until the 1970s when it fit into the â€Å"construction of a history.† History should not be constructed in order to suit the needs of the present, nor the future. Ac... ...now such things as be not fitting† and that â€Å"their complection [i.e. psychological condition] is softer, and from hence more easily receive the impressions offered by the divell [sic]† (Document 9, 109). Direct connection is made to the Christian church in his fourth point, using Genesis as a reference, in his insistence that â€Å"in them [women] is a greater facility to fall, and therefore the divell at first tooke advantage and set upon Eve in Adam’s absence [sic]† (109). This once again connects a popular belief and probably on of the most famous stories in Christianity to the idea of witchcraft.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, though I have shown support for the religion theory most of all in this paper, I do believe that it was not one aspect that set this craze off. Many different theories overlapped to form this tragic and lengthy period of England’s history. Obviously, from the notes we’ve taken in this class, we realize that religion did and always will play a major role in England, or any other country for that matter. Perhaps from this spectacle of unnecessary death, we can learn that any institution, given too much power can, even unwillingly, prove dangerous.

Quotation Integration

Quotation integration Awkward – If your writing does not include proper quotation integration then it is awkward. Smooth * The clauses before the quotation make a clear sentence when joined with the clauses from within the quotation. * If a change in pronouns in needed, then use square brackets. * Sentence: Made up of various clauses * The material before the quote is written in the literary present Ex:// In order to preserve her clientele, Rosa Huberman decides to sent Liesel out to collect the laundry from the rick customers because â€Å"Those rich people are less likely to fire [Rosa] if [Liesel’s] the one standing in front of them† (Zusak 92) Information that does not help me illustrate my point about ‘a prompt delivery’ has ben replaced by three ellipses. * Do not add â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬  at the beginning or ending of quotes. (We know there’s more to the book) * When taking extracts out of a quote, use . . . instead of †¦ (notice t he space between each â€Å". †) * Take a moment to notice the citation. There is no comma, in between author and page number. The punctuation that is necessary to the read of your paper comes after the final bracket. * Notice where two quotation marks are used, versus one, versus three. Refer to your quotation marks note.In order to convince Lisel that a prompt return from delivering the clean laundry to their clientele is imperative, â€Å"Rosa Huberman stood up, selected a wooden spoon, and healed it under Lisel’s nose. It was a necessity as far as she was concerned†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢you take the back to each place and bring it straight home . . . No going to Papa . . . No mucking around with that little Saukerl, Rudy Steiner. Straight. Home. (Zusak 92) The Whole thing * Introduce the quote and then explain its importance after wards * A colon works best for long integration * If your quotation is more tan three typed lines, then you need to offset it. Each line of the quotation should be indented and double-spaced. * Hit enter before beginning the quote and after you have to end it * When a quotation is offset, it does not require quotation marks; however, if the narrator begins to quote a character, then you should use one. * If it is a character speaking for the ENTIRE QUOTE then you do not need any quotation marks. * For offset quotation ONLY, put the text’s punctuation before them embedded citation, not afterwards. A WRONG CITATION Close to the end of the novel, Liesel moves from an avid reader to a ferocious writer and scribes an autobiography of sorts.The final line of this memoir revels that â€Å" I have hated words and I have loved them, and I hope I have made them right† * As you know the subject of a sentence needs to agree with the predicate. Sometimes an error in agreement happens when you attempt to join your class to your quote. * In this case, the pronoun â€Å"I† seems awkward because it does not identify wh o the â€Å"I† is; therefore, we need to change the pronoun, and will end up having to change the verb. THE RIGHT WAY Close to the end of the novel, Liesel moves from an avid reader to a ferocious writer and scribes an autobiography of sorts.The final line of this memoir revels that â€Å"[Liesel has] I have hated words and [she has] loved them, and I hope I have made them right† (Zusak 528) * You may need to change a verb from the following sentences * To make tge verb in the quotation agree with the subject before the quotation. * If you have changed the subject, such as in this case then you may need to change the verb form. * Use square brackets if you need to change verb form * If you need to change a subject and a verb that are adjacent to one another, then you can put both words within the square brackets.

Indian Motorcycle Essay

Indian Motorcycles: America’s First Motorcycle 2 The specific purpose of this presentation is to inform the audience and give a brief insight into the history of the Indian Motorcycle Company. The desired outcome of this presentation is to give a sense of understanding to the audience with regards to Indian Motorcycles. 1. Introduction Indian Motorcycles – An exquisitely designed machine, a thrilling history and a wellknown rivalry with its competition Harley Davidson, makes the Indian Motorcycle a legend in its own time. The history of the Indian Motorcycle dates back to the turn of the 20th century. They have taken our troops into two World Wars and have set land speed records, one of which still stands today. a. America’s love for the motorcycle began in 1900 with bicycle racer George M. Hendee and engineering wizard Carl Oscar Hedstrom. In 1901, the partners, who were both former bicycle racers, unveiled their first creation, the 1901 Single. This was a 1. 75 bhp, single cylinder engine in Hendee’s home town of Springfield. b. The Indian Motorcycle was produced from 1901 to 1944 under the Indian name. In 1945, the company was sold and consolidated into the Torque Engineering Company. Later, the company was divided, with manufacturing going to the Atlas Corporation and distribution to The Indian Sales Corporation. Following the war, Indian struggled with re-entry into the public market. In 1953, with sales continuing to plummet, Indian was forced to halt production. c. After numerous attempts to revive the Indian name since its close in 1953, several formerly competing companies merge to become the Indian Motorcycle Company in 1998. Manufacturing begins in 1999, but the venture proves unsuccessful, and 2003 is the company’s final model year.d. In 2004, Stephen Julius and Steve Heese, business partners who resurrected the dying Chris-Craft Boat Company, turned their attention to Indian. They acquired the trademark rights and in 2008 production began. In 2009, Indians start rolling of the assembly line in Kings Mountain, NC. and production continues through today. 2. Competition and the Indian a. One of the American firm’s best early results came in the Isle of Man TT race in 1911, when Indian riders Godfrey, Franklin and Moorehouse finished first, second and third. b. Indian star. Jake De Rosier set several speed records both in America and at Brooklands in England, and won an estimated 900 races on dirt-tracks. He left Indian for Excelsior and died in 1913, aged 33, of injuries sustained in a race crash. c. In 1967, New Zealander Herbert â€Å"Burt† Munro, a 68 year old grandfather, used a self-modified 1920s Indian Scout to an under-1000cc land-speed record at the Bonneville Salt Flats which clocked him at a top speed of 206 3 miles per hour. Forty four years later, Munro and his Indian’s record still stands. This was dramatized in the 2005 film â€Å"The World’s Fastest Indian†. 3. Modern Marvels a. In 1904, Indian wins the Gold Medal for Mechanical Excellence at the St. Louis Exposition. b. In 1906, Indian released the first American production V-Twin. More than 100 years later, the V-Twin engine remains most popular cruiser-motorcycle engine design. c. In 1940, Indian engineers incorporate the use of â€Å"plunger†. This is a spring, coupled to an oil-dampened shaft, and together becomes rear suspension. d. In 1943, Indian wins the coveted Army-Navy Production Award for its highly advanced shaft-drive, four-speed motorcycle built for the military. 4. Indian Models a. Indian introduced the Twin in 1907. b. In 1920, Indian expanded the model lineup to five. c. The revolutionary Scout, the 95 mph Chief, the even more powerful Big Chief, the lightweight Prince and the awesome 4-cylinder Four. d. In 1932, The Pony Scout and the Sport Scout were both introduced. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, Indian Motorcycles have withstood the test of time, although hard times did fall upon them and bankruptcy was filed. Production was halted for a number of years, but in the end America’s First Motorcycle has solidified its name in America’s history books. Indian Motorcycles proved to be engineering marvels from the first moment of conception through today. From the battlefields of World War 1 and 2 to the racetracks of days gone by, Indian Motorcycles are an American Icon. 4 References Johnstone, G. â€Å"Classic Motorcycles† p. 44, 46-47 Tiger Books International PLC, 1993 Franklin’s Indians: â€Å"Irish motorcycle racer Charles B Franklin, designer of the Indian Scout & Chief†, by Harry V Sucher, Tim Pickering, Liam Diamond and Harry Havelin, pp. 46-50, Panther Publishing Ltd, 2011 Wilson, H. The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle p. 11 Dorling-Kindersley Limited, 1995 Wilson, H. The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle p. 108-109 Dorling-Kindersley Limited, 1995 â€Å"Online Museum for Indian Bicycles†. Retrieved 2011-10-03 Wilson, H. The Ultimate Motorcycle Book p. 31 Dorling-Kindersley Limited, 1993 Wilson, H. The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle p. 271 Dorling-Kindersley Limited, 1995 Wilson, H. The Ultimate Motorcycle Book p. 37 Dorling-Kindersley Limited, 1993 http://www. indianmotorcycle. com/ 5 Description of Visuals Title Slide 1– This slide introduces my presentation, states my name, date, class/number and Professor. Introduction Slide 2 – With this slide, I formally introduce my presentation. I used colors that are appealing to the eyes and relevant to the colors of my topic. The picture is a vintage Indian sign displaying one of Indians first logos. Main Point Slide 3 – This slide displays pictures of each of the two men that started Indian Motorcycles and gives a brief history of the men. Slide 4 – This slide describes more history and the picture represents a 1940’s logo. Slide 5 – This slide continues with history and the picture is of the traditional Indian Head Fender Light. Slide 6 – This slides finishes out the history portion of my presentation and the picture is of Indians biggest motorcycle â€Å"The Big Chief†. Slide 7 – With this slide, I introduce the competition part of my presentation and the picture is of an Indian hill climb race. Slide 8 – The slide talks about the racing efforts and the pictures are of two of Team Indian’s top racers. Slide 9 – This slide talks about the record setting Herbert â€Å"Burt† Munro and his top speed of 205 mph. The picture is of Mr. Munro and his machine. Slide 10 – With this slide, I introduce the engineering achievements and awards that Indian won. The pictures are of a V-Twin engine, a military Indian and the Indian corporate factory. Slide 11 – This slide list the various models that Indian produced and the pictures are of the Sport Scout, the V-Twin and the Pony Scout. Conclusion Slide 12 – This slide re-visits the main points of the presentation and finishes off with a Famous Indian Motorcycle quote. No pictures as of yet.

How a bill becomes a law essays

How a bill becomes a law essays As a child growing up one of the topic I found most interesting was Law. The reason being was I wanted to be a lawyer. I spent a lot of my JHS years watching shows like the Practice etc. When I was given the opportunity to do a report for my government class I could not decide on what to do my report. I constantly hear people complain and criticize the law. Ive quoted everyday citizens saying that it must have been some idiot who passed a law like that. But the reality is it is not one person who passes a law but it is several people. It take a lot of time and debating to go through with passing a law. Therefore the topic I chose was: How a Bill becomes a Law The road a bill takes in becoming a law is a long and tedious process. First, the proposed bill goes through the House of Representatives. Once the bill has been approved by the House, it is then begins its journey through the Senate. After the bill has been endorsed by the Senate, the houses of congress then meet in conference committees to prepare the bill to be sent to the White House. To summarize, the path the bill takes to become a law is a fairly complex impediment. Now to begin, the bill must primarily go through the obstacles of the House. First, a sponsor introduces the bill by giving it to the clerk of the House or placing the bill in a box called the hopper. The clerk numbers and gives a title to the bill and is then entered in the House journal and in the Congressional Record in a procedure called the first reading. Immediately following the first reading, the Speaker of the house assigns the bill to a certain committee. The House has about twenty standing or permanent committees of which each has jurisdiction over bills in a specific area. The committee then studies the bill by hearing the testimony of experts or other interested people. In some cases, a subcommittee conducts the study. The committee may revise and release ...

Supreme Court Justice Selection Criteria

Supreme Court Justice Selection Criteria Who selects United States Supreme Court justices and by what criteria are their qualifications evaluated? The President of the United States nominates prospective justices, who must be confirmed by the U.S. Senate before being seated on the court. The Constitution lists no official qualifications for becoming a Supreme Court justice. While presidents typically nominate people who generally share their own political and ideological views, the justices’ are in no way obligated to reflect the president’s views in their decisions on cases brought before the court. The president nominates an individual to the Supreme Court when an opening occurs.Typically, the president picks someone from their own party.The president usually picks someone who agrees with their judicial philosophy of either judicial restraint or judicial activism.The president might also choose someone of a varied background in order to bring a greater degree of balance to the court.The Senate confirms the presidential appointment with a majority vote.While it is not a requirement, the nominee typically testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee before being confirmed by the full Senate.Rarely is a Supreme Court nominee forced to withdraw. Currently, of the more than 150 people nominated to the Supreme Court, only 30 - including one who was nominated for promotion to Chief Justice - have either declined their own nomination, been rejected by the Senate, or had their nomination withdrawn by the president. The latest nominee to be rejected by the Senate was Harriet Miers i n 2005. The President's Selections Filling vacancies on the Supreme Court of the United States (often abbreviated as SCOTUS) is one of the more significant actions a president can take. The U.S. presidents successful nominees will sit on the U.S. Supreme Court for years and sometimes decades after the presidents retirement from political office. Compared to the appointments the president makes to his (or her- currently all U.S. presidents have been male although that surely will change in the future) Cabinet positions, the president has a great deal of latitude in selecting justices. Most presidents have valued a reputation for selecting quality judges, and typically the president reserves the final selection for himself rather than delegating it to his subordinates or political allies. Perceived Motivations Several legal scholars and political scientists have studied the selection process in depth, and find that each president makes his choices based a set of criteria. In 1980, William E. Hulbary and Thomas G. Walker looked at the motivations behind presidential nominees to the Supreme Court between 1879 and 1967. They found that the most common criteria used by the presidents to select Supreme Court nominees fell into three categories: traditional, political, and professional. Traditional Criteria acceptable political philosophy (according to Hulbary and Walker, 93% of the presidential nominees between 1789–1967 were based on this criterion)geographical balance (70%)the right age- appointees in their mid-50s, old enough to have proven records and yet young enough to serve a decade or more on the court (15%)religious representation (15%) Political Criteria members of his own political party (90%)placate certain political interests or improve the political climate for the presidents policies or personal political fortune (17%)political payoffs for groups or individuals who have been crucial to the presidents career (25%)cronyism, people with whom the president has a close political or personal relationship (33%) Professional Qualifications Criteria individuals with distinguished credentials as practitioners or scholars of law (66%)superior records of public service (60%)prior judicial experience (50%) Later scholarly research has necessarily added gender and ethnicity to the balance choices, and the political philosophy today often hinges on how the nominee feels about the Constitution. But the main categories are still clearly in evidence. Kahn, for example, categorizes the criteria into Representational (race, gender, political party, religion, geography); Doctrinal (selection based on someone who matches the political views of the president); and Professional (intelligence, experience, temperament). Rejecting the Traditional Criteria Interestingly, the best performing justices- based on Blaustein and Mersky, the seminal 1972 ranking of Supreme Court justices- were those that were chosen by a president who did not share the nominees philosophical persuasion. For example, James Madison appointed Joseph Story and Herbert Hoover selected Benjamin Cardozo. Rejecting other traditional requirements also resulted in some great choices: justices Marshall, Harlan, Hughes, Brandeis, Stone, Cardozo, and Frankfurter were all chosen despite the fact that people on the SCOTUS were already in those regions. Justices Bushrod Washington, Joseph Story, John Campbell, and William Douglas were too young, and L.Q.C. Lamar was too old to fit the  right age criteria. Herbert Hoover appointed the Jewish Cardozo despite there already being a Jewish member of the court- Brandeis; and Truman replaced the vacant Catholic position with the Protestant Tom Clark. The Scalia Complication The death of long-time Associate Justice Antonin Scalia in February 2016 set off a chain of events that would leave the Supreme Court facing the complicated situation of tied votes for over a year. In March 2016, the month after Scalia’s death, President Barack Obama nominated D.C. Circuit Judge Merrick Garland to replace him. The Republican-controlled Senate, however, argued that Scalia’s replacement should be appointed by the next president to be elected in November 2016. Controlling the committee system calendar, Senate Republicans succeeded in preventing hearings on Garland’s nomination from being scheduled. As a result, Garland’s nomination remained before the Senate longer than any other Supreme Court nomination, expiring with the end of the 114th Congress and President Obama’s final term in January 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated federal appeals court Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. After being confirmed by a Senate vote of 54 to 45, Justice Gorsuch was sworn in on April 10, 2017. In total, Scalia’s seat remained vacant for 422 days, making it the second longest Supreme Court vacancy since the end of the Civil War. Updated by Robert Longley Sources Blaustein AP, and Mersky RM. 1972. Rating Supreme Court Justices. American Bar Association Journal 58(11):1183-1189.Hulbary WE, and Walker TG. 1980. The Supreme Court Selection Process: Presidential Motivations and Judicial Performance. The Western Political Quarterly 33(2):185-196.Kahn MA. 1995. The Appointment of a Supreme Court Justice: A Political Process from Beginning to End. Presidential Studies Quarterly 25(1):25-41.Segal JA, and Cover AD. 2014. Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices. American Political Science Review 83(2):557-565.Segal JA, Epstein L, Cameron CM, and Spaeth HJ. 1995. Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices Revisited. The Journal of Politics 57(3):812-823.

Fire service administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fire service administration - Essay Example In many cases, such fire may spread to the other households if it is not dealt with in time. For this reason, an education program would be set to educate people in my community concerning the dangers of fire due to electrical appliances and open fire. This program will help in reducing the cases of fire within the community. The key targets with the risk reduction education program are women of ages between 18 and 40. This is so because, this category of individuals are mostly involved with the electrical appliances and they are known to be exposed to candles. This means that women of ages between 18 and 40 do handle all the electrical cooking appliances at home. There are, therefore, the most vulnerable groups of individuals. If these individuals are educated on how to handle the electrical appliances and identify open fires, so as to avoid fires, then a greater magnitude of the fires would be reduced. By the end of this program, all the participants of the program would be able to identify the open fires. The participants would also be able to handle the electrical appliances with care so as to avoid the possibility of any fires. Additionally, the participants of the program would be able to identify the dangers of fire to an individual and the community. According to the prior research into the fire cases in this community, the major cause of fire is due to electrical appliances and open fires. In the past ten years, the fire department has responded to over 1,389500 fires (Chaloner 5). The effect of these fires is that it resulted into about 3000 civilian deaths, 1700 injuries to civilians, and approximately $ 12 billion of damaged properties. These fires were found to be structure fires (Wellman 12). This problem is experienced by all the residents of this community since they face devastating fire effects in their businesses, and homes. The cost involved in cleaning up and building back after the occurrence of a fire is equally monumental (Begon 33).